Inhibition of neural stem cell aging through the transient induction of reprogramming factors
by Alyssa
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Adult stem cells age during long-term culture in vitro, and neural stem cells (NSC), which can renew themselves and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, also in the show reduces the differentiation potential after repeated passaging. However, the mechanistic details underlying this process remains unclear.
In this study, we found that the long-term in vitro culture of NSCs resulted inflammatory- aging-associated upregulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes, including the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and IL6, which senescence- enzyme-linked matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13), and ER stress-responsive transcription factor activating transcription factor 4 (ATF 4 ) and C / EBP homologous protein (CHOP).
However, the induction of cyclic and while the four reprogramming factor (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1, also known as octamer < / em> – bind transcription factor 4 ; SRY [sex determination region Y] -box 2; Kruppel – such as factor 4 , and myelocytomatosis oncogene; collectively referred to as OSKM) can inhibit the aging of the NSC, as indicated by a decrease in the expression of genes related to inflammation and ER stress.
We use ROSA- 4 F NSC, which revealed OSKM only one allele, to minimize the potential for full reprogramming or formation of tumors during NSC rejuvenation. We hope that this novel method of rejuvenation will increase the potential of NSCs as a clinical approach to the treatment of neurological diseases. True hermaphroditism with dysgerminomas: A case report ntroduction:
Inhibition of neural stem cell aging through the transient induction of reprogramming factors
True hermaphroditism is a rare disorder and is usually sporadic.
It is defined by the presence of both ovaries and testes tissue together as ovotestis.Patient concerns: In this study, we report a rare case of true hermaphroditism with dysgerminomas. A 4 9 year old woman developed a mass in the inguinal region for 30 years. Recently three months, patients find that the size of the mass in her left inguinal region increased significantly.
Diagnosis: After surgical resection, the results of immunohistochemistry mass of the left reveals dysgerminomas with positive expression of placental alkaline phosphatase and octamer – bind transcription factor 3 / 4 , and the mass of the right is cryptorchidism a. chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype 4 6, XY. The combined immunohistochemistry and karyotype analysis, the diagnosis of true hermaphroditism with dysgerminomas made.
Intervention: Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy after resection of the tumor used to improve his prognosis. Hormone replacement therapy with conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate is used to maintain her female characteristics. Results: Patients undergoing hormone replacement and has been well over 6 months.
Description: Lysyl oxidase homolog 1 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the LOXL1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL1. Recognizes LOXL1 from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Loxl1. Recognizes Loxl1 from Mouse. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL1. Recognizes LOXL1 from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Loxl1. Recognizes Loxl1 from Mouse. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL1. Recognizes LOXL1 from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Loxl1. Recognizes Loxl1 from Mouse. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human LOXL1 - middle region. This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human LOXL1 - N-terminal region. This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: Description of target: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase family of proteins. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagen and elastin. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature enzyme. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family. Mutations in this gene are associated with exfoliation syndrome.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.057 ng/mL
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL2. Recognizes LOXL2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL3. Recognizes LOXL3 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL4. Recognizes LOXL4 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL2. Recognizes LOXL2 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:5000, IHC:1:20-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL4. Recognizes LOXL4 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Loxl4. Recognizes Loxl4 from Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Loxl2. Recognizes Loxl2 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB; Recommended dilution: WB:1:1000-1:5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL3. Recognizes LOXL3 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC; Recommended dilution: IHC:1:20-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against LOXL4. Recognizes LOXL4 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported but their full-length nature has not been determined.
Description: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported but their full-length nature has not been determined.
Description: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.
Description: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.
Description: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.
Description: This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.
Description: Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL2 gene. This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family. LOXL2 can also crosslink collagen type IV and hence influence the sprouting of new blood vessels.
Conclusion: Expressions positive of placental alkaline phosphatase and octamer – bind transcription factor 3 / 4 can 2 marker dysgerminomas diagnosis. Surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy could improve the prognosis dysgerminomas. In addition, hormone replacement therapy with conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate greatly help to maintain female characteristics of patients with true hermaphroditism
